Industrial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Industrial Law - Essay Example How can a nation with thousands of years of history out of which just a short while ago she ruled the waves draw lessons conclusively from a nation born out of Britain's own bosom only few centuries ago notwithstanding the bloody conception Nonetheless, Britain has good reason to approach and compare her performances with her staunchest ally. Just as in the case of every other issue, on a subject like trade unionism there is nothing so fulfilling as a comparison with the best, even if the lessons learnt turn out to be infeasible. (James J. Brudney) There is a strong universal feeling hitherto unexpressed, especially among business circles that the world could do without trade unions. It is felt that trade unionism, like the socialist form of governance, has been a failure. Britain's tryst with collective bargaining has been particularly phlegmatic and uneventful. It is difficult to prove with any amount of conviction that something good has come out of trade unions. On the contrary, the identity of trade union has been riddled with anti-social activities, strikes, lockouts, go-slow tactics, union rivalries and even mayhem and murders. It may be for these reasons that nobody is really keen to be in the forefront when it comes to formations of trade unions in new corporations. Nonetheless, it must be granted that the presence of trade unions has had a transforming effect on society. Thanks to the principles of collective bargaining, there is more appreciation for the working class, better salaries and working conditions, better living standards, more purchasing power, and recognition and justice for the less privileged and the exploited. Therefore, the two extreme opposites of good and evil have dogged the trade union movement for such a long, disenchanting time that it stigmatized anyone to bring it up until the time was ripe for issue-based confrontations. One cannot but regard with a sense of amusement and awe the manifestation of potentials and capabilities hidden in the portals of trade unions. Come elections and employer-employee agreements, there is a beeline of the unlikeliest visitors humming and buzzing about damp, lackadaisical enclaves of the trade unionists hangouts. The role of trade unions in Europe The activities of trade unions have witnessed sharp decline in Europe. The trade union density is worst hit in France where it is merely 10% now. It is slightly better elsewhere in the continent. The position is much better in Britain where it is 44%. This is proof that in spite of claims of deteriorating working conditions by trade unions, Britain has one of the best employment regulation policies in the world. The fall of the socialist regime in the erstwhile Soviet

Jurisprudence Essay Example for Free

Jurisprudence Essay The term jurisprudence has been used in very different senses. Originally it meant the science of Right. Afterwards it was used to mean knowledge of the principles of law, or skill in its practice. In the institutes of Justinian Jurisprudence is define d to be the knowledge of what is just and unjust. Upon the revival of learning in Europe in the sixteenth century, jurisprudence was used to signify the knowledge of the Roman law. The term has also been used in a sense borrowed from the French to imply a collection of the principles belonging to particular branches of law – thus, Equity Jurisprudence, Maritime Jurisprudence. The term has also been used to signify the whole body of the law of a State—thus, the Jurisprudence of England. The classification of laws has never yet been adopted upon the grand scale demanded by Jurisprudence. If a system of the Law were correctly framed, and if codes of laws were drafted of one true principle by all civilized nations, the language of each race would serve as a glossary by which all systems of positive law might be explained; whilst the matter in each code would afford a test and standard by which all might be tried. By law is here understood positive law—that is, the law existing by position, or, the law of human enactment. Jurisprudence is the science of positive laws, and, as such, is the theory of those duties which are capable of being enforced by the public authority. Jurisprudence, so treated, may take its place as one of those inductive sciences in which, by the observation of the facts and use of reason, systems of doctrine have been established which are universally received as truths among thoughtful men. But Jurisprudence in its in its investigation of the origin, principles, and development of law, obviously furnishes rules which teach men to acknowledge and select good laws, to shun evil laws, and to practice the existing laws and apply them skillfully. Hence, Jurisprudence is not only the Science of Positive Laws but is also the Art of Legislation and the practice of Advocacy. A Jurist may state principles of law in his study, enact laws in the senate, or advocate rights in his forum (Heron, 2001). Jerome and West contribution  The American Legal Realists exhibited many and diverse, not always compatible, attitudes towards the possibilities of exploring the future, even while making important contributions to needed theory and procedures. Thus Jerome Frank was a leader in deriding the possibilities of predicting official behaviour by the application of traditional legal rules and was most skeptical of the potentialities of reliable prediction by any means; yet he made uniquely significant contribution by drawing upon many psychologies to demonstrate the importance of predispositional factors (the subjectivities of decision makers) in affecting all decision. The insistence of the Realists, already described, that technical legal rules be related to categories of events in community process that raise comparable policy problems has tremendously increases the possibilities of achieving comprehensive and precise description of relevant past trends in decision and value consequences (Lasswell McDougal, 1992). Jerome Frank has set out in his well known work†¦ to analyze the law from a psychoanalytical point of view. In the traditional teaching and presentation of the law Frank discerns a desire for certainty which he likens to the infant’s craving for infallible authority (father complex). Lawyers in general, and judges in particular, have clung to the myth of legal certainty, by establishing fictitious system of precedents, hiding before themselves and others the fact that every case is unique and requires creative decisions. A similar myth surrounds the activities of juries. Analytical jurisprudence expresses this child like desire for certainty and stability. Frank’s own ideal is the â€Å"the completely adult lawyer† (Marke, 1995). Although Gray joins Holmes as one of the two great Jurisprudential heroes for Jerome Frank, Karl Llewellyn, and the other legal realists, he is much more than that ; he is a kind of American John Austin, but one whose analytical Jurisprudence does not act as if legal concept originated and developed outside legal history. He represents the positivistic branch of the American pragmatic legal tradition. He is closer to Austin than Holmes, than but not as influenced as Holmes— or John Dewey— by historical jurisprudence, or the evolutionary controversy, or the increasing respect philosophers paid to the very idea of historical development( Gray,1999). Jerome was heavily critical of the work of Christopher Columbus Langdell, the American legal academic whose is best known for introducing the ‘case method’ of teaching law into American law Schools. Langdell viewed law as a science, which could be practiced very simply by applying legal rules mechanically to specific cases recorded in the law reports. Langdell’s method rested heavily on the positivistic notion that law resided solely in the reports of decided cases or in statutes. Jerome criticized this arguing that Langdellian legal science had very little to do with law, because it overlooked such things as the lawyer-client relationship and the rule of the jury. He argued that Langdell’s attitude towards law was typical of what he termed ‘the basic legal myth’; lawyers promote the myth that legal rules can be applied in a mechanical way because they, like all human beings, are constantly looking for certainty. The purpose of Realism, on the other hand, was to expose this myth. This concern with what Frank saw as law in action, rather than with the ‘legal myth’ of the law in the books, was typical of the concerns expressed by members of the legal realist movement. The contradiction which can be found in the work of not only of Jerome, but also of another American Legal Realists, is a serious flaw. However, American Legal Realism, with it emphasis on ‘law in action’ rather than ‘law in the books’ had a positive contribution to make to the development of Jurisprudence(Cownie, Bradney Burton, 2007). While some sought a stable referent, others, such as Mackinnon and Matsuda, sought to refashion old tools to serve new purposes. The equal protection clause of the American constitution seemed a promising candidate, and the Jurisprudence of antisubordination was born. West, Kennedy, Mackinnon and Matsuda are united in the belief that outsiders will not find freedom, justice, or equality in the law as it is. They insisted that law’s empire is defined not by attitude, but by what really happens (and what does not happen). Inequality†¦is not a bad attitude that floats in the sky but an embodied particular that walks on the ground. † An attitude of equal concern, one might say, can very easily leave unaltered the â€Å"embodied particulars† that constitute the reality of inequality as opposed to the theory (Berns, 1993). By promoting the idea that rights are crucial for the protection of individual autonomy, Robin West argues, liberal jurisprudence fails adequately to represent more identifiably ‘feminine’ values such as intimacy and care. Liberal jurisprudence is essentially masculine jurisprudence, in other words, because it prioritizes the distinctively male ethic of justice or rights. Robin West claims, ‘it is nevertheless an institution within which we work from a position of relative disempowerment. ’ For feminist legal theorists, this sense of marginalization is attributable primarily to the fact that critical legal studies, like liberal jurisprudence, fails sufficiently to take into account women’s experience, values and concerns (Duxbury, 1997). In 1988, Robin West began her well known-article â€Å"Jurisprudence and Gender† by asking WHAT IS A HUMAN BEING? â€Å"What is a human being? Legal Theorist must, perforce, answer this question: jurisprudence, after all, is about human beings. † Robin West. She concluded that women are not human beings insofar as legal theory is concerned. Her question, and the contribution of feminist theory to answer, forms a central theme to this work. If the definition of a human being is central to jurisprudence, it is vital to uncover whether that definition adequately encompasses all human beings. Western conceptions of human beings have been inadequate in that they have failed to encompass all human beings. In some instances this is because of the inherent constitution of the definition, while in others, the problem arises from the way theories have been misinterpreted (Marshall, 2005). Towards a Fist Amendment Jurisprudence of Respect. Robin comments that Goerge Fletcher’s recent article helps us see that those understandings, in turn, rest on two different conceptions of what he labels our senses of â€Å"constitutional identity. Although it is largely undefined by Fletcher, we might take his phrase â€Å"constitutional identity to refer† to refer to that aspect of our collective and individual self-conception which we owe to our shared constitutional heritage, and which at least on occasion determines outcomes in close constitutional heritage, and which at least on occasion determines outcomes in close constitutional cases in ways that â€Å"overarching principles of political morality† do not. The two understanding of our constitution identity that seem to bolster these conflicting accounts of the constitutional status of hate speech regulations might be called, however unimaginatively, the liberal and the progressive paradigm. Both the liberal and unquestionably dominant account of free speech and the correlative liberal arguments against the constitutionality of hate speech regulations are deeply familiar. Both were recently affirmed by the Supreme Court, and both are eloquently spelled out in Fletcher’s article. Like prayer in earlier times, expression of our innermost selves is a vital means of self fulfillment, and hence it is itself a moral act of high order. We each bare our individual, our innermost souls when we express ourselves. And, because we value individual souls, we protect and value our speech, whatever its context or side effects. We protect expression today for essentially the same reason we once protected religion—namely, the constitutive role of expressive religion in earlier times, and expressive speech today, in the development of the individual’s personality(West,1994). Relevance of Jurisprudence The broad division of jurisprudential inquiry indicates that jurisprudence covers a wide area of study, dealing with a variety of issues and topics, as well as touching on a whole range of other subjects and disciplines. The unifying element in all these aspects of the study, however, is that, in every case, the main question that is being investigated and to which an answer is being sought is, briefly, ‘what is law? ’ According to Chinhengo (2000), essentially, all jurists are seeking to explain the incidence, existence and consequence of law as a social phenomenon. Consequently, general questions to be answered are concerned with such matters as the following: †¢ the origin and sources of law generally and/or in specific societies; the historical development of law in general and the emergence and evolution of specific legal systems, traditions and practices; †¢ the meaning of specific legal concepts and the construction of various legal structures and processes; †¢ the link between law and other social phenomena, such as political ideologies, economic interests, social classes, and moral and religious conventions; †¢ the operation of the law as a mode of social control and the effects that it has on the persons to whom it applies, in terms of justice as well as social, economic and political developments. This interdisciplinary quality of jurisprudence has meant that a student of the subject has to touch on matters that would normally belong to such diverse other disciplines as philosophy, economic theory, sociology, anthropology, history, theology, and even geography. Within all these other areas of study are to be found the munitions of the jurists, who uses the conclusions and insights of scholars studying in such areas to explain law as a social phenomenon, and applies the methodology of these other modes of enquiry to further the understanding of particular legal concepts. In conclusion Jurisprudence, as a subject in many law school curricula, is intended to provide the law student with a device by which he can ground his or her academic knowledge of the black-letter of the law to the reality of the social context in which the legal rules, structure and processes actually occur and operate. The idea, then, is to link the wealth of legal concepts, rules, statutes, precedents, structures, and processes, which one has imbibed haphazardly over a period of time, to the systematic theoretical and sociological insights about the role and place of law in society which jurisprudence seeks to provide (Chinhengo, 2000).

Polysiloxanes Synthesis and Structure

Polysiloxanes Synthesis and Structure Abstract Silicones (polysiloxanes) are widely used inorganic polymers containing silicon atoms. This category includes many other kinds of polymers such as: polysilanes, polysilazanes, polycarbosilanes and polysiphenylenes [1]. In this project we will focus on polysiloxanes: synthesis and structure properties relationships. First, a brief reference on the history of these materials will be made. Organosilicon compounds were synthesized for the first time in the 1860s, while the first polysiloxanes were made on the 20th century by F.S.Kipping [2]. Then, the ways to synthesize and produce them will be analyzed. This is not a simple synthetic route, while many different procedures take place. These procedures include the reduction of SiO2 into an active reduced form of silicon, hydrolysis/methanolysis and polycondensation or cyclization and polymerization [3]. A more comprehensive study will be made regarding the structure properties relationships. Different cross linking densities create silicones with different properties. Silicones can be categorized by their cross linking density into: silicone oils, elastomers and silicone resins. Silicone oils are linear polymers synthesized by ring opening polymerization. They are thermally stable and thus they can be used as heat transfer fluids. Elastomer silicones are cross linked polysiloxanes via vulcanization and can find application in cars and food containers. On the other hand, silicone resins have high cross linking density and as a result they have high thermal stability. For this reason they are used in colors applied in outdoor surfaces while they are also largely used as water repellants [3], [4]. Introduction Many different silicon containing polymers had been synthesized in the past (figure 1). The most important category of these polymers is the one of polysiloxanes or else silicones. Figure 1: Silicon containing polymers. The synthesis of organo silicon materials started in the 1860s. After 1900s the Grignard reagents became available and as a result major progress occurred. The first polysiloxanes were synthesized by F. S. Kipping in the beginning of the twentieth century. Kipping synthesized diorgano dichloro silanes, R2SiCl2, that could be hydrolyzed into R2Si(OH)2. He was expecting that if these compounds got dehydrated they would produce compounds similar to ketones, R2Si = O. For that reason they were named silic-ones. Soon he realized that, the products were actually polymers that contained Si-O-Si and not Si=O [2]. Polysiloxanes are considered as inorganic organic hybrid materials. The main chain is comprised of atoms of Si and O, whereas the side groups are comprised of alkyl groups (figure 2). Figure 2: Structure of a polysiloxane. This structure is enough to grant them with excessive properties, thus they can be used in many different applications in our everyday life. These polymers can be found as silicone oils, elastomers and resins. Silicone oils are linear polymers synthesized by ring opening polymerization. They are thermally stable and as a result they can be used as heat transfer fluids. Elastomer silicones are cross linked polysiloxanes via vulcanization and can be used in cars and food containers. On the other hand, silicone resins have high cross linking density and as a result they have high thermal stability. For this reason they are used in colors applied in outdoor surfaces while they are also largely used as water repellants [3], [4]. Synthesis The first step of the synthesis of silicones is the reduction of SiO2 into Si. Usually the reduction is done electro thermally with carbon (1) and then silicon is converted into SiCl4 with chlorination (2). Otherwise hydro chloro silanes can be produced by its reaction with HCl (3). Really important for the industry is the direct reaction of methyl chloride with silicon, something that was discovered E. G. Rochow and R. Mà ¼ller in 1940. Copper is used as a catalyst in the form of CuO, as shown in the reactions (4), (5), (6) and (7). The main and most important product from this direct reaction is the dimethyl dichloro silane, (CH3)2SiCl2. The rest products of these reactions are shown above in table 1. Table 1: Main products of the direct reaction MeCl with Si. Hydrolysis The next step is the hydrolysis of the dimethyl dichloro silane, which results into the formation of HCl and a mix of cyclic and linear oligomers of polysiloxanes. The hydrolysis is contacted in the liquid phase with 22 % HCl. The industrial process of the hydrolysis is shown in figure 3. Figure 3: Flow chart of hydrolysis, where a) Cooler; b) Exhaust; c) Phase  separation; d) Settling vessel; e) Water separator; f ) Neutralization and g) Pump Whereas, in diagram 4 there is a synopsis of the whole procedure including the step of hydrolysis. Figure 4: Hydrolysis Methanolysis During this process a direct recovery of Cl with the form of chloro methane from the methyl chloro silanes takes place. Silanes react with methanol in order to produce oligomers of dimethyl siloxanes and chloro methane. Methanolysis occurs according to the reactions: The process of methanolysis is shown above with a flow chart: ΄ Figure 5: Synthesis with methanolysis. And the reactions that take place are: 3. Cyclization Cyclization needs to take place in order for cyclic siloxanes to be produced. This process is done with the heating of the mixture that was produced during the previous steps with KOH. Figure 6:Flow chart of the synthesis of polysiloxanes. 4. Polymerization The usual method of producing linear polysiloxanes is the ring opening polymerization of cyclic polysiloxanes. A polymerization like that can occur under acidic or basic conditions. In general basic conditions are preferable. Anionic Consists a really important procedure for the industry and alkali metal hydroxide catalysts are used. The usual catalyst is potassium hydroxide, whereas other catalysts can be used according to their catalytic activity: Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li. The polymerization occurs rapidly with the addition of only a few ppm of potassium hydroxide at a temperature above 140 ÃŽÂ ¿C. The mechanism is: This reaction leads to the formation of mixture of linear silicones with approximately 15 to 18 per cent of cyclic silicones. In the end, the catalyst needs to get deactivated, usually with the addition of phosphoric acids. Cationic: Cationic polymerization can occur with the use of strong protic acids or Lewis. The mechanism of this reaction is yet unknown. Polycondensation: Another way to synthesize polysiloxanes is by polycondensation reactions of siloxanediols. Hydroxy oligomers of siloxanes can be condensated into polymers with higher molecular weight with the loss of water: Structure Properties Relationships Polysiloxanes can be categorized according to their cross linking density into: silicone fluids, elastomers and resins. Silicone fluids Silicon oils are linear polymers that can be produced by ring -opening polymerization, as described earlier. The flow chart of their industrial production is shown in figure 7. Figure 7: Flow chart of silicone fluids production. Silicon fluids posses a variety of useful properties, such as: Thermal stability ( Temperatures: 150 250 ÃŽÂ ¿C ) High hydrophobicity Dielectric properties Good damping behavior Resistance to radiation These exceptional properties is the reason why silicones oils are used so widely. For example because of their high thermal stability they can be used as a heat transfer media in the industry and not only. Moreover, their strong hydrophobicity enables their use as coatings. Figure 8: Silicone oil used as a heat transfer media. Silicone elastomers Silicones can easily be converted into rubbers through vulcanization. The initial material is a polysiloxane of high molecular weight produced by ring opening polymerization. Cross linking is essential. This can happen with radicals from the decomposition of organic hyper oxides. The hydrogen atoms are removed from the methyl functional groups and the silixane chains connect with each other with Si CH2 CH2 Si bonds. In an alternative version of the vulcanization polysiloxanes that contain a small quantity of methyl vinyl siloxane groups constitute the raw materials. In order for the vulcanization to begin alkyl-hyper oxides are being used but this time the mechanism is different as shown above: The ultimate tensile strength of these elastomers is low, but it can be improved with the addition of fillers. Except from the above, there are also silicone elastomers that the vulcanization occurs at room temperature. There are two types of different systems for this, with one component and with two components. For the systems of one component air exposure is necessary. A typical example of this type is being composed by di -hydroxy siloxane oligomers. The product of this reaction can be placed into a mold in order to attain the appropriate shape. Silicone elastomers attain a really high strength at high temperatures. This makes them one of the elastomers that are used in application that require strength into extreme environmental conditions. Moreover, they are and as a result they do not react with many chemicals. For this reason they are being used in biomedical applications, including medical implants. Figure 9: Silicone elastomers used in catheters. Products made from silicone rubbers can be found in our everyday life. They are being used into cars, food containers, clothes, electronics and in many other applications. Figure 10: Different applications of silicone elastomers in our everyday life. Silicone Resins They are cross linked compounds containing tri functional (T) and tetra functional (Q) silicon units (Q). The simplest silicone resins are produced from methyl chloro silanes with hydrolysis, either directly or indirectly (after the intermediate conversion into methyl trialkoxy silanes). Figure 11: Characteristic structures of silicone resins. Silicone resins can be used as additives paints especially for use in high temperatures. They can also be used as coatings on pharmaceutical pills and as encapsulants for electronic components. Figure 12: Silicone resins used in paints and electronic components. References [1] H.-H. Morreto, M. Schultze and G. Wagner, Silicones, Ullmanns Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry, John Wiley Sons, 2012 [2] A. Mitra and D. A. Atwood, Polysiloxanes and Polylanes Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley Sons, 2006 [3] R. G. Jones, W. Ando, and J. Chojnowski, Silicon Containing Polymers, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000 [4] F. S. Kipping, Proc. R. Soc. London, A159, 139, 1937 [5] J. Heiner, B. Stenberg, M. Persson, Material Behaviour: Crosslinking of siloxane elastomers, Polymer Testing 22, 253-257, 2003 [6] R. drake, I. MacKinnon and R. Taylor, Recent advances in the chemistry of siloxane polymers and copolymers,Chemistry of Functional Groups, John Wiley Sons, 2009 [7] W. D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction,John Wiley Sons Inc., USA, 2007 [8] A. Colas and L. Aguadisch, Silicones in Pharmaceutical Applications, Chimie Nouvelle, 15 (58), 1779, 1997 [9] P.C. Hiemenz and T. P. Lodge, ÃŽÂ §ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã… ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½, ÃŽÂ  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Ά¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÅ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 2014 [10] S. R. Sandler, Polymer Syntheses, Academic Press, 1997

Comparing Moral Systems in Lord of the Flies, Crime and Punishment, Scarlet Letter, and Pygmalion :: comparison compare contrast essays

Superficial Moral Systems Exposed in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, and George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion    "The superficial nature of human moral systems" is a valid concern in society today. This has always been a factor in society that authors have felt the need to address. People see the hypocrisy in themselves and know that it exists in others. The manners that are so commonly used in public are rarely practiced in private. Most people are ashamed to say and do what they believe is right when they are in public. This understanding causes people to worry what other human beings are doing out of the public view. If it weren't for the opinions of others, most of the popular ideas on morality would not be implemented at all. In The Lord of the Flies, the morality of apparently civilized boys gradually seems to vanish in direct relation to the amount of time that they are separated from society. They never understood why they had behaved themselves before they were stranded on the island. They only repeated the moral systems of their parents just as any other perfunctory gesture. As soon as they are on their own, they begin to do what is easiest rather than what is "proper." This concept is not far from what the reaction to any person would be in this situation. If someone found that suddenly he were not longer responsible to anyone, his life would greatly change from the way it was before. People do many things to please family and friends. People only do what is expected. If moral behavior is no longer expected, it will stop being practiced. A perfect example of this human hypocrisy lies in The Scarlet Letter's Arthur Dimmesdale. To his congregation, Dimmesdale is an icon of morality, but he knows better. Every night he beats himself with a "bloody scourge" because he knows that while he is preaching against adultery, he has committed this act. In his Puritan society, what he has done is not allowed. Not only does he not want to be punished, but he also wants to keep his influence in the community. The public opinion is dear to him. He has convinced himself that it is better for everyone if he does not confess, but he knows that he is lying to himself.

Chemistry Titration Lab

Table 1: Data Collection Table – Contains all of the primary data directly obtained from the lab. Indicator | Initial volume of NaOH in burette (ml)  ±0. 05| Final Volume of NaOH in burette (ml)  ±0. 05| Final – initial Burette Reading (Volume of NaOH used) (ml)  ±0. 1| Qualitative Observations | Phenolphthalein | 0. 00 | 0. 90| 0. 9| At first when the base was being dropped into the vinegar there wasn’t a color change, however when the solutions came close to full titration, the solution would turn pink and once mixed would turn clear again| | 0. 90| 2. 30| 1. 4| | | 2. 30| 3. 20| 0. 9| | | 3. 20| 4. 0| 0. 9| | Bromothymol Blue | 8. 00| 9. 50| 1. 5| Solution turned from yellow to light green | | 9. 50| 11. 10| 1. 6| Solution turned from a bright yellow to bright blue rather than a light green indicating over-titration had occurred| | 11. 10| 12. 90| 1. 8| | | 12. 90| 14. 40| 1. 5| | | 14. 40| 15. 90| 1. 5| | Methyl Orange | 15. 90| 16. 90| 1. 0| Reaction o ccurred quick, over-titration occurred and solution turned from red to orange | | 16. 90| 17. 20| 0. 3| | | 17. 20| 17. 40| 0. 2| | | 17. 40| 17. 60| 0. 2| | | 17. 60| 17. 80| 0. 2| | Methyl Red | 0. 00| 5. 00| 5. 0| | | 5. 00| 7. 80| 2. | Solution turned from red to a light orange/yellow color| | 7. 80| 10. 70| 2. 9| | | 10. 70| 13. 60| 2. 9| | | 13. 60| 16. 50| 2. 9| | Bromocresol Green| 20. 80| 21. 20| 0. 4| Solution turned from yellow to light green | | 21. 20| 21. 60| 0. 4| | | 21. 60| 22. 00| 0. 4| | Table 2: Data Processing Table displaying the volume of NaOH required to titrate 10ml of vinegar and their corresponding concentration of acetic acid Indicator | Volume of NaOH required to titrate 10mL of Vinegar (ml) ( ±0. 1)| Concentration of Acetic Acid  ±0. 5 (mol/l) | Percent Uncertainty (%)| Percent Error (%) | Phenolphthalein| 0. | 0. 9mol/dm3| 11. 1| 3. 4| Bromothymol Blue | 1. 5 | 1. 5mol/dm3| 6. 7| 72. 0| Methyl Orange| 0. 2| 0. 2mol/dm3| 50. 0| -77. 0| Methyl Red | 2. 9| 2. 9mol/dm3| 3. 5| 233. 0| Bromocresol Green| 0. 4| 0. 4mol/dm3| 25. 0| -54. 0| Sample Calculations: Ex. The calculation of the concentration of acetic acid for phenolphthalein NaOH Volume: 0. 9ml NaOH Concentration: 1. 00mol/dm3 1. Convert Volume to Litres 0. 9 = 0. 0009L 1000 1. Calculate the moles of NaOH (n=CV) n= (1. 00mol/dm3) (0. 0009L) = 0. 0009mol 2. Calculate the concentration of the diluted acetic acid.Because acetic acid and sodium hydroxide have a 1:1 ratio, they have the same number of moles. C = 0. 0009mol = 0. 09 0. 01L 3. Calculate the initial concentration of acetic acid pre-dilution C1V1 = C2V2 C1(0. 01L) = (0. 09mol/L)(0. 1) Concentration of Acetic Acid = 0. 9mol/L Sample Calculations Continued 4. Calculating percent uncertainty = absolute uncertainty x 100 Measurement 1 Example: Calculating the percent uncertainty for the volume of NaOH required when methyl red is used = 0. 1 x 100 2. 9 1 = 3. 5% Therefore, the volume of NaOH required when methyl red is us ed as the indicator is 2. 9ml  ± 3. % 5. Uncertainty propagation for the volume of NaOH required for each indicator (0. 9  ± 0. 1) + (1. 5  ± 0. 1) + (0. 2  ± 0. 1) + (2. 9  ± 0. 1) + (0. 4  ± 0. 1) = 5. 9ml  ± 0. 5 6. Calculating percent error Percent error = Actual – accepted x 100 accepted Example: Calculating percent error for phenolphthalein Percent error = 0. 9 – 0. 87 x 100 0. 87 = 3. 4% Methyl Red Methyl Red Bromothymol Blue Bromothymol Blue Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Green Methyl Orange Methyl Orange Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein Graph 1: Titration curve representing the effect of the volume of NaOH on the pH of the titration solution at end pointConclusion This lab tested the effect of the use of different indicators on the volume of NaOH required to reach the end point of the titration with acetic acid in vinegar. The equation for this reaction is: CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCH3COO(aq) + H2O(l) The As one can see from graph 1 the results of this lab demonstrated that the indicators that required different volumes of sodium hydroxide to reach end point from least amount of volume required to most was with the use of; methyl orange, bromocresol green, phenolphthalein, bromothymol blue and lastly methyl red.Therefore, the highest volume of NaOH that was required to change the color of the vinegar occurred when using methyl red, and the smallest volume of NaOH that was required to change the color of the vinegar occurred when using methyl orange. Different indicators were tested as if the indicator is chosen well, then the endpoint will represent the equivalence point of the titration reaction; the point when the volume of titrant is equal to the amount of analyte (the acetic acid in the vinegar). An important factor to consider is hat indicators don’t change color at a specific pH.However, they do change color over a narrow range of pH values. Because vinegar has a pH of around 2. 4 the equilibrium was firmly to th e left before the sodium hydroxide was added. Adding the sodium hydroxide will begin to shift the equilibrium to the right. As more and more base was added, for example with phenolphthalein, the pink eventually became so dominant that it could no longer be turned clear by swirling the beaker. If the light pink was achieved, then end point was perfectly reached and if the solution became bright pink then over-titration occurred.Although the majority of this lab occurred according to plan, there were a few minor anomalous results that occurred. For instance, the amount of NaOH used in the titration when the methyl red indicator was used was 2. 9ml. However, for one of these tests when using methyl red, the volume of NaOH required to reach the end point of the reaction was 5. 0ml. This was a clear anomalous result as it was very different from the consistent 2. 9ml of NaOH from the other trials. This anomalous result can be explained due to several systematic and/or random that will be discussed further on with their potential improvements.There were no error bars included in this lab. This is due to the fact that they would be non-existent as each titration was repeated until the exact same volume of NaOH was required to reach the end point for each different indicator at least 3 times. Figure 1: Representation of the various indicators used throughout the conduction of this lab and their pH levels. It also demonstrates their colors in acids and colors in bases as well as the color when end point is reached. This lab evidently demonstrated that phenolphthalein would be the best indicator to use.The justification for this is that every indicator has their own individual range of pH for the end points. When the end point occurs, it means there is slightly excess base. For phenolphthalein, the end point would be when the color of the solution changed into a very light pink color. As one can see from figure 2 the indicator phenolphthalein only changes color in basic solutions. This is a reason why it would be considered the best indicator for this experiment. This is because the end point for this experiment ranges in between a pH of 8. 2 and 10. , which as one can see is very similar to the pH ranges of phenolphthalein. This would cause the phenolphthalein to give the most accurate reading of the volume of NaOH required to reach the end point of its reaction with acetic acid. The reason the other indicators may not give the most accurate readings can be seen from the diagram below: Graph 2: This graph represents a simple visual of the effect of different indicators on the volume of base required to reach end point with an acid. The green block above represents the phenolphthalein in this lab as it has its pH ranges on the break of the curve.This means that the color change will be accurate in terms of changing color at the break point of the reaction Evaluation There are a variety of ways this lab could be furthered. This lab was done using a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid (acetic acid). A way that this lab could be furthered would be to do the exact same lab using a weak base and a strong acid such as NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide which is a weak base) the same weak acid (acetic acid). This would skew the results in that a much higher volume of base would be required to reach end point with the acid. This is because it would be much more difficult to shift equilibrium o the right. For example, the phenolphthalein indicator only turns the solution pink in basic solutions. Because a weak base is what will be used, it would take much more base in order to reach end point of the reaction. There were a few errors that could have been improved throughout the conduction of this lab. One of the major errors occurred prior to the actual titration itself. This error occurred when the sodium hydroxide solution was being created. When the sodium hydroxide was being created, 1g of solid sodium hydroxide pellets had to be weighed us ing an electronic balance and then put in a volumetric flask.After this water was added to the sodium hydroxide pellets and diluted to the 150ml mark. The pellets were left in a dish in the open while we were getting other materials set up. This was definitely an error as the sodium hydroxide pellets absorb moisture from the air. This means that the sodium hydroxide was actually becoming heavier than 1g as it began absorbing his moisture. This affected results as there was a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide in the water than recorded. This could have affected the results in that less sodium hydroxide would have been required to reach the end point of the reaction.This would be considered a systematic error as the slightly increased mass of the NaOH would have been used for every trial as the same source of NaOH was used throughout. An improvement to this error would be to not put the sodium hydroxide pellets into the volumetric flask until the very last second. Also, the sod ium hydroxide was put into the volumetric flask and then the water was added, however adding the water first could minimize the time that the solid sodium hydroxide is left in the air.This step in the procedure could also be improved if it were possible to purchase this solid sodium hydroxide already measured out in grams so that they would only be in the open for a matter of seconds as they were being transferred into the volumetric flask. A systematic error that occurred throughout the process of this lab was over-titration. Over titration is when too much of the base is added to the solution and the reaction passes end point. For example, the color that one would attempt to achieve when perfectly titrating using phenolphthalein is a light pink color.However, for all of our trials the solution turned a bright fuchsia color when using phenolphthalein implying it had over-titrated. This error could definitely have been improved. The improvement for this error would be to use a buret te with a smaller opening. This would allow decreased room for the error of over-titration. This is because one would have more control over the volume of base released by the burette allowing for more control. Another systematic error that occurred repeatedly throughout the conduction of this lab was that the temperature of the room did not stay constant.Therefore, the temperature of the solutions including the indicators was not constant. Temperature changes could have occurred in the lab without being noted. This is a problem as it slightly changes the color change pH range of indicators. As one can see below, these are the effects on various common indicators’ color change ranges with an increase in temperature: Table 3: Table representing common indicators and the effect of changing temperature drastically on the color change range. Although the temperature would not have fluctuated drastically in the classroom there were still potential fluctuations that were not accoun ted for.This would have caused the end point to appear to be occurring at different times than expected for that indicator. The way this error could be improved would be to conduct the lab in an area where the temperature is closely and easily monitored. Conducting this lab in a classroom with the door frequently opening and shutting let in a draft therefore this lab should be conducted in an area with no interruptions that may effect temperature. Also, temperature can be monitored so that it can be at least accounted for in one’s results and the changes in temperature can be used as an explanation for the behaviour of the indicators in each test.Another section of the procedure of this lab that requires improvement relates to the indicators used. The indicators used throughout the process of this lab had pH ranges of around 2-3 increments. For example, phenolphthalein changes color over a pH range of around 8-10. This means that one would not be able to tell exactly what pH the final solution was when it reached end point from the indicator. This could be improved if indicators were produced that did not have a range of pH values in which they change color but one specific pH range where it changes the color of the solution.This would improve the lab as it would allow scientists to know exactly at which pH the end point of the reaction was reached exactly when it happens. For example, this specific experiment is supposed to reach end point between pH values 8-10, however having an indicator that changes color at pH 8, one that changes color at pH 9 and one at 10 would allow for a more accurate result. An additional random error that occurred throughout the process of this lab was that rarely a drop of NaOH wouldn’t come out of the burette completely straight and would end up getting stuck to the side of the beaker.This would have caused the volume of NaOH required to reach end point of the reaction to appear greater than it actually was. This is because NaOH was leaving the burette but not going into the beaker containing the vinegar and indicator. Although one cannot control the behaviour of the burette with the NaOH other than potentially using a burette with a thinner opening allowing for less room for the NaOH to fall from obscure angles, one can control beaker size.By increasing the size of the beaker containing the vinegar and the indicator, one is able to reduce the likelihood of the NaOH not going directly into that beaker. This would mean that there wouldn’t be as much NaOH lost from the burette that isn’t accounted for. Often in the real world, titration experiments are performed regularly. This is because titration is a process of determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown solution, in which a known reagent is added to that unknown solution in order to produce a known reaction such as a color change.A real world example of this is biodiesel production. Acid-base titrations are used in the production of biodiesel in order to determine the acidity of waste vegetable oil (one of the main ingredients in biodiesel production). pH paper is used to test a small sample in order to represent the pH of the entire batch. This allows one to determine how much base is required to achieve the desired pH. Bibliography Websites: â€Å"Chemical Analysis by Acid-Base Titration. †Ã‚  AcidBaseTitration. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"ChemTeacher.   ChemTeacher. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"Sample Lab Report. †Ã‚  Sample Lab Report. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"Titration Lab Report. †Ã‚  Titration Lab Report. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Books: Textbook: Talbot, Chris. Chemistry for the IB Diploma. London: Hodder Murray, 2009. Print.

Jeffersonian Democracy essays

Jeffersonian Democracy essays In 1800, Thomas Jefferson was elected the chief executive of the new free world. With his foot in the door of America, he could now open it to his world of his political mindedness. He did open the door; however he did not like what was on the other side of that door. For this reason, he changed the way the government, as a whole, acted and thought. His actions and political philosophy resonated through his successors. By making the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson made a lasting impression on future presidents; even leading to the development of a foreign policy. When, in 1803, Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to Paris to negotiate with Napoleon for the purchase New Orleans, Jefferson knew not that he was about to double his country. Even though he morally opposed this transaction, he still allowed it to happen to keep the close and sound ties with Europe intact. The fact that it was an excellent deal helped much in his decision. Once the transaction was completed, Jefferson was liked much more. This expansion of the country allowed for the expansion of the populus. This expansion created problems for the presidents immediately after Jefferson. His political philosophy concerning international affairs laid untouched until two presidencies later James Monroe. James Monroe took the foreign policies of Jefferson and used them to form his own ideas about said affairs, thus conceiving what would later be known as the Monroe Doctrine. James Monroe took the idea of Jeffersons sovereign, neutral, and powerful country and reinforced it with his policy stating that America would be all those things and also warned against attacks or new territorial claims on the Western Hemisphere by any other nation. In this document, he stated, also, that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers; would be recognized and would not interfere wit...

Our Government essays

Our Government essays I felt the article Superpatriotism: The Importance of Being Number One , by Michael Parenti was a very interesting yet disturbing article. The article interests me because most of the people in my family have the attitude of a super patriot. Coming from a big family all four of my uncles could not afford to go to college in the 50s and 60s. Instead they chose to join the army. All of them fought and survived in the Vietnam War. After reading this article I would consider them super patriotic people. It seems no matter what the situation is, they always support the president and the decisions that our government makes for us. They support anything from tax increases to waging a war. They all have their own flag dangling neatly from their home and they all claim to love their country. There is nothing wrong with this attitude however this article makes me wonder how a person can love their country when 90 percent of the things that go on in America is morally wrong or against t he law. How can someone love a country where the crime rates increase every year, murder rates increase, thugs are on every corner, and big corporations launder millions and millions of dollars without getting caught. The article says that these patriotic people claim to love America because of the freedom we have here. Some freedoms however are limited. According to the article, saying certain things could possibly get you fired from your job which should not be the case if we really had the freedom of speech. Also, economic freedom is more centered on those who already have money than those that are poor and want to work for their money. What I found most interesting was the section of the article that discussed the number one syndrome. It also struck me as somewhat disturbing because our political leaders always pump the message into our minds that America is number one when there is no basis for this superior ran...

Visiting a Foreign Country Essay Example

Visiting a Foreign Country Essay Example Visiting a Foreign Country Essay Visiting a Foreign Country Essay for example to ask your way around the town, and will boos

History Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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The Effects of rewards on employee motivation Essay

The Effects of rewards on employee motivation - Essay Example As researches at the work level have shown, however, these needs for external rank or status are not the only needs which the worker brings to his work situation. Research has also shown the importance to the worker of the need to belong, to be liked, and to be an accepted member of a group. These member or internal rewards are thus highly prized by the worker (Reed 32). To become an accepted or high-ranking member of a work group, however, exacts its toll or cost: one must abide by its values and norms. But by abiding by its values and norms, the member's needs for association, friendship, approval, and support are satisfied. His standing or rank in the eyes of his fellow workers also goes up (Schuler 78). "The components of the motivation function include motivation theories, appropriate job design, reward and incentive systems, compensation, and benefits" (DeCenzo and Robbins 51). The terms "external" as applied to the concept of needs or rewards refer primarily to the source, organizationally speaking, through which individual needs tend to be satisfied (Schuler 79). The external needs include the need for economic rewards such as pay and job security. Through these economic rewards, of course, the individual satisfies many physical and biological needs which are elementary in human survival and adaptation. The external needs also include the need for status and to be engaged in interesting work; that is, to satisfy the desire to do work that tests competence and expresses some creative ability in individuals. In modern industry most of the needs included in the external category are associated with the larger organization and the management union structure (Reed 33). Management generally decides what and how work is to be done. Armstrong and Murlis (2007) underlines that: "aim is to offer a value proposition and maximize the combined impact of a wide range of reward initiatives on motivation, commitment and job engagement" (12). Through the process of collective bargaining, an organization-wide pay structure is established, setting the level of pay for various tasks. Similarly, other economic policies are established which determine the conditions of work which are external to the individual and the small group of which he is a part. At times, consequently, researchers call the external rewards "reward by management" (Reed 40; Lashaway-Bokina 225). Motivation is defined as a psychological force, analogous to a physical force in that it is a vector quantity possessing both magnitude and direction. Motivation is the amount of effort that one desires to expend in a given direction. The amount of effort one does expend to reach a goal is assumed, in the absence of the imposition of constraints on effort expenditure, to be in direct proportion to the amount of effort one desires to expend (Reed 40). Alternatively stated, and again neglecting constraints, the amount of eff

Process of Supply and Value Chain Management Assignment

Process of Supply and Value Chain Management - Assignment Example As the study highlights  the value chain provides an effective way to understand the sources of the buyer value that determines the price, and why a product or a service is substituted by another company’s product. Thus, the strategies can be defined as an internal formation of activities that differentiates a firm from its rivals. In this report the benefits and the risks of undertaking the full implementation of a supply and value chain management to a multi-product manufacturing company will be explained. Furthermore, the examples of strategy implemented by Colgate Palmolive will be assessed. Thus, whether the implementation of supply and value chain management in an organisation will be profitable to the organisation or not will be recognised.  A supply chain concept includes different networked companies with the same objective, such as meeting buyer requirements. Furthermore, it is a mutual agreement between interdependent organisations to work together to improve, manage and control the flow of raw materials and information from the suppliers to the consumers.  The organisations should ensure that the supply chain is an error- free business network which is required to perform activities at all the levels of the production. Thus, it can be stated that the supply chain consists of interdependent organ isations of suppliers and business processes that are needed to be controlled effectively.  ... The prime goal of the company is to use the technologies to create products that will improve the lifestyle qualities of the consumers. Thesis Statement In this report the benefits and the risks of undertaking the full implementation of a supply and value chain management to a multi-product manufacturing company will be explained. Furthermore, the examples of strategy implemented by Colgate Palmolive will be assessed. Thus, whether the implementation of supply and value chain management in an organisation will be profitable to the organisation or not will be recognised. Process of Supply and Value Chain Management A supply chain concept includes different networked companies with the same objective, such as meeting buyer requirements. Furthermore, it is a mutual agreement between interdependent organisations to work together to improve, manage and control the flow of raw materials and information from the suppliers to the consumers. Additionally, it can also be defined as the network of business units that indulge from the initial stages, from procuring the raw materials to manufacturing it and then making the finished products available to the consumers through an effective distribution system. The organisations should ensure that the supply chain is an error- free business network which is required to perform activities at all the levels of the production. Thus, it can be stated that the supply chain consists of interdependent organisations of suppliers and business processes that are needed to be controlled effectively. Therefore, the member organisations are required to know how the materials and information flow all the way through the supply chain, from the initial supplier to the consumers (Vanharanta & Breite, â€Å"A Supply and Value Chain Management

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization - Essay Example While such benefits either maintain or heighten the status of globalization, globalized progress occurs at the cost of the distribution of gains. Where considerable gains are obtained by rich nations or individuals, greater inequalities result, further causing potential conflicts within local settings and abroad. Another probable cost is perceived in the control of national economies which could shift from sovereign governments to other entities, typically leading to extreme nationalism or the rise to fundamentalist political movements (Intriligator). By examining an article about Fiat, written by Jorn Madslien, one may view and better understand a concrete scenario of how costs and benefits work under globalization. According to the article, Fiat’s intention to adapt to flexibility by splitting group to develop a division on non-car assets and merge economies upon integration with Chrysler and other huge manufacturing firms altogether reflect the author’s agreement to the position that places globalization on the necessity of interdependence.

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL THROUGH MULTI AGENT SYSTEM WITH DATA MINING Research Paper

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL THROUGH MULTI AGENT SYSTEM WITH DATA MINING - Research Paper Example a practically implemented research model for the information retrieval using Multi-Agent System with Data Mining technique in a Cloud Computing environment. The paper will undertake a review of the existing literature available on this arena and develop an empirical model showing real time data flow through MAS with data mining after retrieval of meaningful information from data warehouse present in a cloud computing environment. In the end, paper will provide recommendations for the organizations for effective implementation and use. Cloud Computing is a general term that refers to anything that â€Å"involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. Broadly it is characterized into three categories, namely: Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)† (‘CloudComputing’, 2007). In the present age and knowledge economy, discovering new knowledge and retrieving information from a data center from a cloud environment is a difficult aspect. The concept of cloud computing does not provide facilities for the knowledge discovery and information retrieval. Furthermore, it is required that the so-called knowledge discovery should be in harmony with the structure, schema and architecture of that knowledge. The emerging knowledge cloud is considered insufficient to retrieve information effectively and thus, Chang, Yang and Luo (2011) undertook a study to propose "an ontology-based agent generation framework for information retrieval in a flexible, transparent and easy way on cloud environment† (p.1135). They proposed a framework for information retrieval in which the user will submit "a flat-test based† request to retrieve â€Å"information on a cloud environment†, the request will be â€Å"deduced by a Reasoning Agent automatically that is accord ing to a predefined ontology and a reasoning rule and then translated to a Mobile Information Retrieving Agent Description File (MIRADF) that is formed in a proposed

Evans and Blackmores Decision Making Assignment

Evans and Blackmores Decision Making - Assignment Example It should be noted that as the acquisition of the new machine will entail discarding the old, all options will benefit from the revenue of selling the old machine. Due to equity considerations, this report opted to disregard the salvage value of the three machines on the sixth year. Since the salvage value of Models B and C cannot be determined, it is more rational to omit the revenue to be derived from the future sale of the machines. The payback period is one of the simplest ways in ascertaining the feasibility of an investment. This tool is used to determine the length of time that the company can recoup its cash outlay. Table 1 shows the computed payback period for the three options. Quantitative analyses show that Model C or the machine from France is the best choice as it has a relatively shorter payback period of 3 years and an NPV of 16,455. However, using the qualitative information supplied by the managers of Evans and Blackmore Model C is the worst choice as the company will be incurring a high training cost together with the lack of local maintenance firm to service the machine. The last factor mentioned is seen to erode the cost savings generated from the machine. It is irrefutable that maintenance services for a machine is very important as it will help the company fully realize the expected gains from Model C. In case of defects, it can be seen that the costs associated with finding a foreign maintenance firm to restore the machine can offset the high NPV and cause disruption in operation. This report recommends that Evans and Blackmore choose Machine A or the machine from USA. Model B is ruled out as it generates a negative NPV. The rationale of the choice is that Model A has a positive NPV though significantly lower compared to Model C. The presence of a local firm to maintain the machine is a significant advantage. 2.0 Make or Buy Decision The quantitative analysis of the make or buy decision faced by Evans and Blackmore is shown in Table 3. It can be seen that the increase in labor cost coupled with the decrease in material costs brought down the per unit cost to 51.94. The computed values are for 8000 units of component X. Table 3 shows that manufacturing 8000 units of component X will entail the company 415,520 while buying will give a cost of $480,000 ($400,000 for the components and $80,000 for stockholding.) Table 3. Make or Buy Decision This report favors the in-house production of component X instead of outsourcing it. The cost of manufacturing the component is relatively lower as shown in the above computation (Table 3). Another important consideration is the stockholding cost associated with outsourcing. It should be noted that the demand for component X is stable and there is even a possibility that

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization - Essay Example While such benefits either maintain or heighten the status of globalization, globalized progress occurs at the cost of the distribution of gains. Where considerable gains are obtained by rich nations or individuals, greater inequalities result, further causing potential conflicts within local settings and abroad. Another probable cost is perceived in the control of national economies which could shift from sovereign governments to other entities, typically leading to extreme nationalism or the rise to fundamentalist political movements (Intriligator). By examining an article about Fiat, written by Jorn Madslien, one may view and better understand a concrete scenario of how costs and benefits work under globalization. According to the article, Fiat’s intention to adapt to flexibility by splitting group to develop a division on non-car assets and merge economies upon integration with Chrysler and other huge manufacturing firms altogether reflect the author’s agreement to the position that places globalization on the necessity of interdependence.

Evans and Blackmores Decision Making Assignment

Evans and Blackmores Decision Making - Assignment Example It should be noted that as the acquisition of the new machine will entail discarding the old, all options will benefit from the revenue of selling the old machine. Due to equity considerations, this report opted to disregard the salvage value of the three machines on the sixth year. Since the salvage value of Models B and C cannot be determined, it is more rational to omit the revenue to be derived from the future sale of the machines. The payback period is one of the simplest ways in ascertaining the feasibility of an investment. This tool is used to determine the length of time that the company can recoup its cash outlay. Table 1 shows the computed payback period for the three options. Quantitative analyses show that Model C or the machine from France is the best choice as it has a relatively shorter payback period of 3 years and an NPV of 16,455. However, using the qualitative information supplied by the managers of Evans and Blackmore Model C is the worst choice as the company will be incurring a high training cost together with the lack of local maintenance firm to service the machine. The last factor mentioned is seen to erode the cost savings generated from the machine. It is irrefutable that maintenance services for a machine is very important as it will help the company fully realize the expected gains from Model C. In case of defects, it can be seen that the costs associated with finding a foreign maintenance firm to restore the machine can offset the high NPV and cause disruption in operation. This report recommends that Evans and Blackmore choose Machine A or the machine from USA. Model B is ruled out as it generates a negative NPV. The rationale of the choice is that Model A has a positive NPV though significantly lower compared to Model C. The presence of a local firm to maintain the machine is a significant advantage. 2.0 Make or Buy Decision The quantitative analysis of the make or buy decision faced by Evans and Blackmore is shown in Table 3. It can be seen that the increase in labor cost coupled with the decrease in material costs brought down the per unit cost to 51.94. The computed values are for 8000 units of component X. Table 3 shows that manufacturing 8000 units of component X will entail the company 415,520 while buying will give a cost of $480,000 ($400,000 for the components and $80,000 for stockholding.) Table 3. Make or Buy Decision This report favors the in-house production of component X instead of outsourcing it. The cost of manufacturing the component is relatively lower as shown in the above computation (Table 3). Another important consideration is the stockholding cost associated with outsourcing. It should be noted that the demand for component X is stable and there is even a possibility that

Health & Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health Social Care Essay Ai Identify four key pieces of Legislation and Codes of Practice relating to handling information in social care setting. 1). Data Protection Act 1998 Gives rights to individuals in respect of personal data held about them. It also seeks to protect individuals with regard to the processing of personal data. 2). Freedom of Information Act 2000 The Freedom of Information Act gives you the right to ask any public sector organisation for all the recorded information they have on any subject. Anyone can make a request for information – there are no restrictions on your age, nationality or where you live. If you ask for information about yourself, then your request will be handled under the Data Protection Act. 3). Employees Policies Procedures To make sure that all records that are kept in the office are put away in a locked secure cabinet. And when you write out the daily report sheet in the Care Plan Book, make sure that the Care Plan Book is closed and not left open. 4). Health and Social Care Act 2008 requires us to publish a code that sets out the practice we will follow in obtaining, handling, using and disclosing confidential personal information. Aii Explain how legal requirements and codes of practice affect the day to day work of a social care worker in relation to handling information. It is important to follow the codes of practice in everything you do in your day to day work. For example, I personally had a situation a while ago where my regular service user was in hospital for a couple of months, and a friend of Mr Ts approached me and asked if I could give her the key safe code so she could go into to his property and clean round and get him some shopping. I told her that I could not give her Mr Ts key safe code as it is my duty of care not to give out any information that was entrusted to me. And if I gave it to her then I would be breaking the codes of practice and my employees policies and procedures.

The Vision And Mission Of ITC

The Vision And Mission Of ITC ITC is one of Indias foremost private sector companies with a market capitalisation of over US $ 30 billion and a turnover of US $ 6 billion. ITC is rated among the Worlds Best Big Companies, Asias Fab 50 and the Worlds Most Reputable Companies by Forbes magazine, among Indias Most Respected Companies by Business World and among Indias Most Valuable Companies by Business Today. ITC ranks among Indias `10 Most Valuable (Company) Brands, in a study conducted by Brand Finance and published by the Economic Times. ITC also ranks among Asias 50 best performing companies compiled by Business Week. ITC has a diversified presence in Cigarettes, Hotels, Paperboards Specialty Papers, Packaging, Agri-Business, Packaged Foods Confectionery, Information Technology, Branded Apparel, Personal Care, Stationery, Safety Matches and other FMCG products. As one of Indias most valuable and respected corporations, ITC is widely perceived to be dedicatedly nation-oriented. Chairman Y C Deveshwar calls this source of inspiration a commitment beyond the market. ITC practices this philosophy by not only driving each of its businesses towards international competitiveness but by also consciously contributing to enhancing the competitiveness of the larger value chain of which it is a part. ITC employs over 26,000 people at more than 60 locations across India. The Company continuously endeavours to enhance its wealth generating capabilities in a globalising environment to consistently reward more than 4,05,000 shareholders, fulfil the aspirations of its stakeholders and meet societal expectations. (assis, 2003) The ITC Vision Mission Sustain ITCs position as one of  Indias most valuable corporations through world class performance, creating growing value for the Indian  economy and the companys stakeholders. THE ITC MISSION To enhance the wealth generating capability of the enterprise in a globalising environment, delivering superior and sustainable stakeholder value. The ITC Way ITC is a board-managed professional company, committed to creating enduring value for the shareholder and for the nation. It has a rich organisational culture rooted in its core values of respect for people and belief in empowerment. Its philosophy of all-round value creation is backed by strong corporate governance policies and systems. ITCs CORPORATE STRATEGIES are : Create multiple drivers of growth by developing a portfolio of world class businesses that best matches organisational capability with opportunities in domestic and export markets. Continue to focus on the chosen portfolio of FMCG, Hotels, Paper, Paperboards Packaging, Agri Business and Information Technology. Benchmark the health of each business comprehensively across the criteria of Market Standing, Profitability and Internal Vitality. Create distributed leadership within the organisation by nurturing talented and focused top management teams for each of the businesses. Continuously strengthen and refine Corporate Governance processes and systems to catalyse the entrepreneurial energies of management by striking the golden balance between executive freedom and the need for effective control and accountability. CORE VALUES ITCs Core Values are aimed at developing a customer-focused, high-performance organisation which creates value for all its stakeholders: Trusteeship As professional managers, we are conscious that ITC has been given to us in trust by all our stakeholders. We will actualise stakeholder value and interest on a long term sustainable basis. Customer Focus We are always customer focused and will deliver what the customer needs in terms of value, quality and satisfaction. Respect for People We acknowledge that every individual brings different perspectives and capabilities to the team and that a strong team is founded on a variety of perspectives. We want individuals to dream, value differences, create and experiment in pursuit of opportunities and achieve leadership through teamwork. Excellence We do what is right, do it well and win. We will strive for excellence in whatever we do. Innovation We will constantly pursue newer and better processes, products, services and management practices. Nation Orientation We are aware of our responsibility to generate economic value for the Nation. In pursuit of our goals, we will make no compromise in complying with applicable laws and regulations at all levels. GLOBALISATION: ITCs mission is to sustain and enhance the wealth-generating capacity of its portfolio of businesses in a progressively globalising environment. As one of Indias premier corporations employing a vast quantum of societal resources, ITC seeks to fulfil a larger role by enlarging its contribution to the society of which it is a part. The trusteeship role related to social and environmental resources, aligned to the pursuit of economic objectives, is the cornerstone of ITCs Environment, Health and Safety philosophy. In the multi-business context of ITC, Corporate Strategies are designed to create enduring value for the nation and the shareholder, through leadership in each business and the attainment of world-class competitive capabilities across the value chain. To contribute to sustainable development through the establishment and implementation of environment standards are scientifically tested and meet the requirement of relevant laws, regulations and codes of practice. To take account of environment, occupational health and safety in planning and decision-making. To provide and maintain facilities, equipment, operations and working conditions which are safe for employees, visitors and contractors at the Companys premises. To institute and implement a system of regular EHS audit in order to assure compliance with laid down policy, benchmarked standards, and requirements of laws, regulations and applicable codes of practice. SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTHS MANAGEMENT experienced broad base of interests and knowledge PRODUCT LINE unique, tastes good, competitive price, and convincement. MARKETING diverse and global awareness. PERSONNEL international, diverse positions, high sakes revenue, high sale growth, large capital base. MANUFACTURING low costs an liabilities due to outsourcing of bottling. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT continuous efforts to research trends an reinforce creativity. CONSUMER/SOCIAL huge market in the healthy products and growing market for specialized foods for ethic groups. COMPETITIVE distinctive name, product and packaging in with regards to its markets. TECHNOLOGICAL internet promotion such as banner ads and keywords can increase their sales and more computerized manufacturing their efficiency. ECONOMIC consumer income is high, more tend to eat out, convenience is important to us. WEAKNESS : MANAGEMENT large size may lead to conflicting interests. PRODUCT LINE new one calorie product have no existing customer base generic have brands can make similar product. MARKETING may lose focus, may not be segmented enough. PERSONAL possible conflicts due to so many people, possible trouble staying focused. FINANCE high expenses may have trouble balancing cash-flow of such a large operation. RESEARSH DEVELOPMENT may concentrate too much on existing product, inter apreneuralship may not be welcomed. CONSUMER/SOCIAL more expensive products, such a high price may limit lower income family from buying on ITC product. COMPETITIVE not entrails patentable, constant reliability by competitors. TECHNOLOGICAL computer break downs, viruses and hackers can reduce efficiency and must constantly update products or other competitors will be more advanced. ECONOMIC very elastic demand, almost pure competition. OPPORTUNITIES: Expected 30% CAGR in organized market to result in better footfall and conversion rates. Entry into Tier 2 Tier 3 cities. Collaboration with foreign player because of a national brand. An opportunity to diversify its operations in e-relating. As big company of India can go globally. THREATS; Employee shortage and attrition due to rapid growth in the whole market. Impact of slowdown in consumer spends to be felt in FMCG market. Opening up of economy for free entry of foreign players. (Anon., n.d.) PEST ANALYSIS: POLTICAL Congress Dominance Politically active unions Govt. took over sick companies. MNCs urged to liquidate equity with a cap of 40% Multiparty coalitions causing political uncertainty Rural job program launched in 2006 Reduced economic control opened economy to imports Govt. Approved 51% FDI provided company engaged in single branding. ECONOMIC Favoured capital goods, increased black market Low competition in domestic market Not competent enough for international level Lower purchasing power of consumer Foreign investment discouraged Indias rapid GDP growth led to increase in spending power Increase income 56% demand for FMCG product from rural sector. SOCIAL Abundance of low wage sector 88 % of rural population below poverty line Rural access hampered by poor road ,rail telecommunication links NGOs to assist smaller level cooperatives Combination of low wage relatively high skilled labour TECHNICAL IT sector grew rapidly Internet usage access to rural sector Increased mediums to information available ITC provided web portal Limited mediums avaible to promote brand building. Corporate Governance: Preamble Over the years, ITC has evolved from a single product company to a multi-business corporation. Its businesses are spread over a wide spectrum, ranging from cigarettes and tobacco to hotels, packaging, paper and paperboards and international commodities trading. Each of these businesses is vastly different from the others in its type, the state of its evolution and the basic nature of its activity, all of which influence the choice of the form of governance. Globalisation will not only significantly heighten business risks, but will also compel Indian companies to adopt international norms of transparency and good governance. ITCs governance policy recognises the challenge of this new business reality in India. Corporate Governance emerge the cornerstones of ITCs governance philosophy, namely trusteeship, transparency, empowerment and accountability, control and ethical corporate citizenship. Core Principles ITCs Corporate Governance initiative is based on two core principles. These are Management must have the executive freedom to drive the enterprise forward without undue restraints; and This freedom of management should be exercised within a framework of effective accountability. ITC believes that any meaningful policy on Corporate Governance must provide empowerment to the executive management of the Company, and simultaneously create a mechanism of checks and balances which ensures that the decision making powers vested in the executive management is not only not misused, but is used with care and responsibility to meet stakeholder aspirations and societal expectations. Trusteeship: ITC believes that large corporations like itself have both a social and economic purpose. They represent a coalition of interests, namely those of the shareholders, other providers of capital, business associates and employees. This belief therefore casts a responsibility of trusteeship on the Companys Board of Directors. They are to act as trustees to protect and enhance shareholder value, as well as to ensure that the Company fulfils its obligations and responsibilities to its other stakeholders. Transparency: ITC believes that transparency means explaining Companys policies and actions to those to whom it has responsibilities. Therefore transparency must lead to maximum appropriate disclosures without jeopardising the Companys strategic interests. Internally, transparency means openness in Companys relationship with its employees, as well as the conduct of its business in a manner that will bear scrutiny. Empowerment and Accountability: Empowerment is an essential concomitant of ITCs first core principle of governance that management must have the freedom to drive the enterprise forward. ITC believes that the Board of Directors are accountable to the shareholders, and the management is accountable to the Board of Directors. Control: Control is a necessary concomitant of its second core principle of governance that the freedom of management should be exercised within a framework of appropriate checks and balances. Control should prevent misuse of power, facilitate timely management response to change, and ensure that business risks are pre-emptively and effectively managed. Ethical Corporate Citizenship: ITC believes that corporations like itself have a responsibility to set exemplary standards of ethical behaviour, both internally within the organisation, as well as in their external relationships. We believe that unethical behaviour corrupts organisational culture and undermines stakeholder value. The Governance Structure Flowing from the philosophy and core principles, Corporate Governance in ITC shall take place at three interlinked levels, namely Strategic supervision by the Board of Directors Strategic management by the Corporate Management Committee Executive management by the Divisional Chief Executive assisted by the Divisional Management Committee The 3-tier governance structure thus ensures that: Strategic supervision being free from involvement in the task of strategic management of the company, can be conducted by the Board with objectivity, thereby sharpening accountability of management. Strategic management of the Company, uncluttered by the day-to-day tasks of executive management, remains focused and energised; and Executive management of the divisional business, free from collective strategic responsibilities for ITC as a whole, gets focused on enhancing the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of its business. CODE OF CONDUCT Preamble ITCs Code of Conduct was circulated to the employees more than five years back and is posted on the Companys corporate website. This Code has now been re-drafted for better presentation. This Code is derived from three interlinked fundamental principles, viz. good corporate governance, good corporate citizenship and exemplary personal conduct. Philosophy ITC is a professionally managed organisation and the core value underlying our corporate philosophy is trusteeship. We believe this organisation has been handed to us by the various stakeholders in trust and we as professionals are the trustees of these stakeholders. It is therefore our responsibility to ensure that the organisation is managed in a manner that protects and furthers the interests of our stakeholders. Corporate Governance Policy The Corporate Governance Policy is the apex level instrument guiding conduct of the affairs of the Company and clearly delineates the roles, responsibilities and authorities of the key entities in the governance structure of the Company. This Code forms an integral part of the Companys Governance Policy. Good Corporate Citizenship In the conduct of the Companys business, the practice of good corporate citizenship is a prerequisite and embraces the following Relationships with Suppliers and Customers All directors, senior management and employees shall ensure that in their dealings with suppliers and customers, the Companys interests are never compromised. Accepting gifts and presents of more than a nominal value, gratuity payments and other payments from suppliers or customers will be viewed as serious breach of discipline as this could lead to compromising the Companys interests. Legal Compliance It is the Companys policy to comply fully with all applicable laws and regulations. Ensuring legal and regulatory compliance is the responsibility of the Chief Executives of the Businesses and the Divisional Management Committees. Divisional Management Committees must satisfy themselves that sound and adequate arrangements exist to ensure that they comply with the legal and regulatory requirements impacting each business and identify and respond to developments in the regulatory environment in which they operate. Health and Safety The Company attaches great importance to a healthy and safe work environment. ITC is committed to provide good physical working conditions and encourages high standards of hygiene and housekeeping. Particular attention should be paid to training of employees to increase safety awareness and adoption of safe working methods, particularly designed to prevent serious or fatal accidents. Environment Policies The Company believes that commitment to sustainable development is a key component of responsible corporate citizenship and therefore deserves to be accorded the highest priority. In addition to complying with applicable laws and regulations, Businesses must establish procedures for assessing the environmental effects of their present and future activities. Personal Conduct All directors, senior management and employees have the obligation to conduct themselves in an honest and ethical manner and act in the best interest of the Company at all times. They are expected to demonstrate exemplary personal conduct through adherence to the following: Avoidance of Conflict of Interest All directors, senior management and employees must avoid situations in which their personal interest could conflict with the interest of the Company. This is an area in which it is impossible to provide comprehensive guidance but the guiding principle is that conflict, if any, or potential conflict must be disclosed to higher management for guidance and action as appropriate. Transparency and Audit-ability All directors, senior management and employees shall ensure that their actions in the conduct of business are totally transparent except where the needs of business security dictate otherwise. It shall be necessary to voluntarily ensure that areas of operation are open to audit and the conduct of activities is totally auditable. Protection of Confidential Information No director, senior management and employee shall disclose or use any confidential information gained in the course of employment/ association with the Company for personal gain or for the advantage of any other person. No information either formally or informally shall be provided to the press, other publicity media or any other external agency except within approved policies. Company Facilities No director, senior management and employee shall misuse Company facilities. In the use of Company facilities, care shall be exercised to ensure that costs are reasonable and there is no wastage. (Deveshwar.Y.C, 2002) CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES: CSR activities: ENVIRONMENT  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ITC has been Carbon Positive three years in a row (sequestering/storing twice the amount of CO2 than the company emits).  Ã‚    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water Positive six years in a row (creating three times more rain water harvesting potential than ITCs net consumption).    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Close to 100 % solid waste recycling    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All Environment, Health and Safety Management Systems in ITC conform to the best international standards. SOCIAL  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ITCs businesses generate livelihoods for over 5 million people  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ITCs globally recognised e-Choupal initiative is  the worlds largest rural digital infrastructure benefiting over 4 million farming families.    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ITCs Social and Farm Forestry initiative has greened over 80,000 hectares creating an estimated 35 million person days of employment among the disadvantaged.    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ITCs Watershed Development Initiative brings precious water to nearly 35,000 hectares of dry lands and moisture-stressed areas.    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ITCs Sustainable Community Development initiatives include women empowerment, supplementary education, integrated animal husbandry programmes.   Ã‚  PRESERVING NATIONAL HERITAGE As a socially responsible corporate citizen, ITC endeavours to create value for the Indian society in multiple ways, one of them being preservation of  Indias rich cultural heritage. ITC has made significant contribution to the promotion of Indian classical music, theatre, art and cuisine. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PERFORMANCE In the past, I have shared with you the abiding vision that inspires us to create sustainable stakeholder wealth and enlarge our contribution to the Indian society. This commitment goes far beyond the market to create simultaneously financial, environmental and social capital for the nation. This year, ITC joined the United Nations Global Compact, the worlds largest global corporate citizenship initiative. (Anon., n.d.) REFLECTION: Renounced company always follows all the issues and regulation to reach at the top most point that is appraise by the organization, follower and peoples one of the company that follow all issues and have a brand image in all areas and all people internally and externally apologize this company and ITC is one of that company that have many follower and as a customer I also follows ITC as a source of inspirations .It have done many CSR activities to communicate with the people of different region to capture a wide market area that in turn increase their market share. Corporate governance of ITC is very strong and cover and takes all from stakeholder to shareholder governing body to make its company successful in every aspect to achieve it target point. So, this is the main reason why i am very much influenced from ITC company enjoy to follow it point to implement in my organization to make it successful. REFERENCE: Anon., n.d. www.echoupal.com. [Online]. Anon., n.d. www.itcportal.com. [Online]. assis, c.g., 2003. ITCS RURAL SYMPHONY. BUSINESS WORLD. Deveshwar.Y.C, 2002. THE INDIAN TABACOO COMPANY. CONCLUSION: ITC ltd. is a leading FMCG Company in India and from last three consecutive years has shown accelerated growth in FMCG portfolio. Customer in India also spending more in FMCG as their standard of living is growing. ITC has placed itself successfully in the position of market leader in FMCG product, though there was some downfall in sales and profit of company in beginning of this decade but after that ITC has shown considerable rise in both sales and profit. ITC promoting their brands through advertisement campaign as well as door to door promotion. The demand of their product in very low, because people dont know about their brands very well. ITC knows their strength and weakness in the personal care market, so they are applying new concept to overcome their weaknesses. ITC now offering more margin, exiting offers and long credit period to retailers and wholesalers. The future of the company is looking bright as FMCG market in India is still expanding and so we can safely conclude that ITC will be able to secure it No. 1 position in FMCG product. POLITICAL DATE TOPICS COVERED KEY ISSUE COVERED RELATION OF KEY ISSUES WITH THE CASE 28MARCH GLOBALIZATION Introduction of Globalization Social and Economic Implications. 31MARCH SWOT ANALYSIS INTERNAL ANALYSIS-STRENGTHS,WEAKNESS EXTERNAL ANALYSIS-OPPORTUNITIES,THREATS 5APRIL PESTEL ANALYSIS PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL ECONOMICAL SOCIOCULTURAL TECHNOLOGICAL 9APRIL 12APRIL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CSR(corporate social responsibility) CORE PRINCIPAL, THE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE BOARD OF DIRECTORS CORPORATE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE CODE OF CONDUCT CITIZENSHIP PERSONAL CONDUCT CORPORATE GOVERNANCE POLICY GOOD CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP IMPROVED CULTURE REPUTATION ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY Environmental Preservation Resettlement of War Victims Welfare of the neighbouring communities. Environmental Preservation

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The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Untreated Male Negros made a distinct impact on the history of research. The study began in Mason County, Alabama in 1932 at the Tuskegee Institute. The goal was to learn about syphilis, and how the disease progressed with an emphasis on uneducated and illiterate African American males (Tuskegee University, n.d). There were 600 participants involved; 399 with documented cases of syphilis, and 201 control group members without syphilis (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Researchers informed the participants that they had â€Å"bad blood,† never informing them that they were infected with syphilis (Tuskegee University, n.d). To encourage the men to participate in the study they provided free medical care, transportation, meals on the days they were being examined, and burial insurance (Tuskegee University, n.d). When the study began no reliable treatments were available. The study was based on the Oslo study, which stated that the current treatments of mercurial ointment were of no benefit, and that going untreated was more beneficial for the patient in the end (Brandt, 1978). Participants were given full physical exams, radiographs, and lumbar punctures that were conducted by the United States Public Health Services (Brandt, 1978). To guarantee that the men would show up for the lumbar puncture, researchers sent a letter to the participant titled, â€Å"Last Chance for Special Free Treatment,† (Brandt, 1978). Research continued, and in 1945, penicillin became approved to treat syphilis (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The USPHS could have incorporated this treatment into their study, but chose to prevent the men from getting treatment, and never informed the p... ... & Human Services, 1979). After the conclusion of the Tuskegee Study, research found that many African American individuals were hesitant to participate in biomedical research (Davis, Green, & Katz, 2012). Researchers also found that African Americans have a distrust towards and suspicion of other health education programs such as the HIV/AIDS prevention programs. This is due to the similar methods used to select the participants in these programs as compared to the Tuskegee Study (Thomas & S.B., 1991). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study had and will continue to have lasting effects on the research community. Fortunately, some of these effects have improved how research is currently being conducted. To continue to build upon these improvements, researchers need to find ways to make all individuals comfortable and secure with the research in which they are participating.

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. Background Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Timothy is the student that I have chosen to develop this portfolio on. Timothy is seven-year-old child in first grade at the elementary school that I do my fieldwork at. Timothy has not yet been selected for special education, as it is his first year in school. In the classroom Timothy struggles with most of what he is asked to do. He has very poor concentration, and has great difficulty in following directions. Timothy is very fidgety and extremely disorganized. The socioeconomic status of this student is much the same as the other students in the class. Most are children from middle to upper middle class families in the West Islip neighborhood. When I spoke with the classroom teacher Mrs. Dragelin, I obtained some information related to Timothy’s family. Both of his parents do live at home and there was mention of drug use during pregnancy. As far as Timothy’s attendance in school, so far this year the student has missed 1 day out of 36 days. Timo thy has not been retained in any grades, due to being in 1st grade. Timothy on average is usually prepared for school. He has forgotten books at home that were needed the next day for class, and left books in his book bag when they were needed at his desk. II. Types of Interventions Provided at this Time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time Timothy is involved with a pullout program for remedial reading. Timothy attends the remedial reading program five days a week for thirty minutes. At this time Timothy is not assigned to the Resource room, speech, counseling, or any health related programs. The classroom teacher has suggested that an auditory trainer could be helpful to capture Tim’s attention. That device consists of a radio-microphone worn by the teacher and four speakers are setup in the classroom to broadcast the teachers voice. This device has not yet been implemented in the classroom by the school. III. Testing Data   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time there is no official testing data on record for this student. Many of the evaluation testing is done in the first grade. This year’s test are scheduled for May 1st 2001. At that time standardized IQ test will be taken and specific areas in need of direct instruction will be identified. At this time with out testing I would suggest direct instruction in language arts. Timothy has no recognition of letter sounds; he displays little to no comprehension of sentences.

Week 3 Bis/320 Weekly Reflection Outline

University of Phoenix Material Applying Information Security and SDLC to Business Your team has been researching and discussing three bookstores throughout the course to apply the concepts presented. For this assignment, you will continue to apply those concepts in a final paper. Write a paper of no more than 3,000 words in which you discuss one of the bookstores, use the SDLC method to implement a new technology into the bookstore, and detail a disaster recovery plan for the bookstore. Discuss one of the three bookstores based on the research and evaluation in your Learning Team. Introduce your selected bookstore. oWho and what is the bookstore? What is their mission? oWhat products do they sell? oWho are their customers? oExplain their website. †¢Color †¢Navigation †¢Ease of using the tools; for example, using credit cards for purchases †¢Discuss your selected bookstore. oInclude terms such as hardware, software, databases, data communications, Internet technolo gies, collaboration tools, and security. oInclude how they use hardware and software components. oDiscuss the types of database information used by the bookstore based on what you see on their website.Identify any additional information the bookstore could have added to enhance their database. oIdentify their data communication technologies. oDiscuss how they address security issues. †¢Address the following questions in your analysis. oWhat hardware, software, networks, and data does the organization have? oWho manages it? oWho uses it? oWho owns it? oWhere is it located? oWhere is it used? oDoes the technology fulfill the business objectives? Use the SDLC method to implement a new technology into your selected bookstore.Examples include a collaboration tool or the use of cloud computing. †¢Research SDLC methodology. †¢Include the below five phases of the SDLC method: oSystem definition oRequirements analysis oComponent design oImplementation oMaintenance Detail a dis aster recovery plan for your selected bookstore and include the following: †¢Types of disasters and threats †¢People involved and their roles †¢Assets to protect including information †¢Data policy definitions †¢Necessary response plans in case of a disaster Cite at least five references in your paper. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines